International Journal of Accounting, Management, Economics and Social Sciences (IJAMESC)

BANK-SPECIFIC AND MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF NON-PERFORMING LOANS (NPLS) IN GHANA: THE CASE OF LISTED BANKS ON THE GHANA STOCK EXCHANGE

2025-05-16T01:24:23+00:00

This study investigates the determinants of NPLs in Ghana's listed banks, addressing critical research gaps on credit risk analysis in emerging markets. Following Ghana's banking sector reforms and the lack of comprehensive frameworks, this study integrates bank-specific and macroeconomic factors to provide a complete understanding of NPL determinants within the banking sector. Using panel data from seven banks listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange (2010-2020), the study employs random effects regression validated through Hausman testing, integrating Financial Intermediation Theory and Moral Hazard Theory. The model demonstrates strong explanatory power (R-squared = 0.606), revealing significant negative relationships between NPLs and bank-specific variables: Capital Adequacy Ratio (-0.728), Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (-1.075), Return on Equity (-0.436), and Bank Size (-3.935). Bank Size emerges as the most influential determinant, confirming the presence of economies of scale in risk management. The counterintuitive LDR-NPL relationship suggests that aggressive lending is associated with more stringent credit screening procedures. Macroeconomic analysis confirms credit risk's countercyclical nature, with GDP (-1.773) and Money Supply (-1.821) significantly reducing NPLs. The Lending Rate and Inflation show positive but insignificant effects. Practical evidence from recent bank failures validates findings regarding capital adequacy. The study’s contributions include multi-framework integration, robust econometric analysis, and evidence-based recommendations for capital enhancement and risk-based pricing models. Findings highlight the integration of NPL management approaches to address institutional practices and macroeconomic conditions, with implications for banking supervision and monetary policy coordination in emerging economies.

THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT VARIATIONS AND CUSTOMER VALUES ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION HANNAH CATALOG BANDAR LAMPUNG

2025-07-16T01:49:45+00:00

This study aims to evaluate the impact of variables such as customer value and product variety on consumer satisfaction from Hannah Catalog. The population that was the focus of the study consisted of 100 customers who used the sampling technique using purposive sampling. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression. The purpose of this research is to help Hannah Catalog increase customer value and product variety in order to better meet customer satisfaction, which can increase competitiveness. This research is expected to provide guidance to Hannah Catalog to improve customer satisfaction levels with their products. The results of the study show that product variety and customer value each have a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Simultaneously, both variables also have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. A coefficient of determination value (R²) of 0.575 indicates that product variation and customer value can explain 57.5% variation in customer satisfaction. These findings provide important implications for Hannah Catalog's management in designing strategies for improving product quality and creating customer value.

SHADOWY USER BEHAVIOR IN DIGITAL MARKETING: A MANAGEMENT-ORIENTED VIEW ON CYBER POLICY, CULTURAL INFLUENCE, AND ONLINE INTERACTION

2025-08-07T21:04:57+00:00

Online digital systems are driving the growth of economies, but they have also given rise to problematic online user behavior. Online shady practices are a threat to social cohesion, yet they persist and evade legal detection. To promote a healthy and inclusive digital environment, there is a need for further research to understand the interplay between culture, legislation, and online user behavior. This study aims to examine the interrelations between socio-cultural settings, cyber policies, and online user behavior. It explores the effectiveness of current policy measures and posits possible ways for promoting a healthy and inclusive digital environment. The study employs a narrative review of literature to understand the interplay between culture, legislation, and online user behavior. The findings highlight the influence of cultural settings on online user behavior and the interconnectedness of legislation, culture, and online interactions. The emphasis on the need for context-specific approaches and inclusive policymaking methodologies to foster a healthy and inclusive digital environment were the knowledge gaps identified that warrant further research. Understanding the interplay between cultural settings, legislation, and online user behavior provides valuable insights for practitioners and researchers to look more into a culturally sensitive safe digital space.

AUDIT QUALITY AND FINANCIAL HEALTH: A STUDY OF LEADING INDIAN BANKS

2025-08-18T01:54:24+00:00

This study investigates the relationship between audit quality and financial performance among leading Indian commercial banks from 2015 to 2024. Audit quality is assessed using a composite Audit Committee Score (ACS), developed through a binary scoring method based on 14 parameters that consider regulatory compliance and governance best practices. The research utilizes a panel of nine Nifty Bank Index banks, selected based on consistent data availability throughout the study period. The study is structured around two primary objectives. Firstly, to evaluate the effectiveness of audit committees, mean ACS values were calculated and used to rank the banks. The findings reveal that private sector banks, particularly Kotak Mahindra Bank and Federal Bank, consistently demonstrated higher audit effectiveness compared to their public sector counterparts. Secondly, the research examines the impact of audit quality on financial performance, with Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Net Interest Margin (NIM) as dependent variables. Panel regression analysis, supported by relevant diagnostic tests and model selection criteria, indicates a statistically significant positive effect of ACS on ROA and ROE, while the effect on NIM was positive but not significant. The research underscores the crucial role of efficient audit committees in enhancing profitability and financial control in banks. The study recommends regulatory and institutional measures to further strengthen the structures of audit committees, particularly in public sector banks, in alignment with best governance practices and financial stability.

THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION BETWEEN ACCOUNTING DISCLOSURE AND COMMERCIAL IDENTITY ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE

2025-08-10T08:08:07+00:00

In the highly competitive business world, insurance companies need strategic tools to strengthen their market position. This study aims to comprehend how integrating brand identity and accounting disclosure affects preserving competitive advantage through a field study of a sample of public and private insurance companies in Iraq. The study employed quantitative measures such as advertising expenditures, investment income, business profits, and insurance portfolio performance. The results showed that companies like Gulf and Al Hamra were able to outperform their rivals and hold onto their revenue and profits by skillfully combining financial disclosure with a distinctive brand identity. It also demonstrated that open disclosure increases investor and customer confidence, even though brand identity is crucial for establishing a company's reputation and encouraging loyalty. The study concluded that, especially in a sensitive industry like insurance, integrating the financial and marketing aspects is a competitive necessity rather than an institutional luxury. The study recommended using a dual disclosure model that combines accounting transparency with brand communication messaging to ensure greater trust and long-term superiority. The study also filled a scientific gap in the Arabic literature by providing an analytical framework for evaluating long-term competitive performance. In the context of insurance, the interdependent relationship between financial disclosure and brand identity was rarely discussed in Arabic literature.

IMPLEMENTING DIGITALIZATION TO PROMOTE CIBULUH CULTURAL TOURISM VILLAGE

2025-08-10T07:39:53+00:00

Village tourism destinations are currently a crucial pillar in community-based economic development. Furthermore, Indonesia boasts extraordinary cultural and natural diversity. Cibuluh Tourism Village, located in Subang Regency, West Java, is a destination that maintains its cultural potential by combining nature and local wisdom as its main attractions. Digitalization here is not only about the application of technology, but also about restructuring governance, community participation, and village image. The purpose of this study is to implement technology for promotional activities in Cibuluh Tourism Village and explain the promotions implemented in Cibuluh Tourism Village. The research type chosen is quantitative with numerical data analysis to explain, predict, and control the phenomena of interest, processed using statistical methods. The results of the research from the implementation of technology for promotional activities that can be implemented in Cibuluh Tourism Village in order to attract tourists while maintaining local wisdom are utilizing the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure that are highly dependent on the readiness of the local community (Pokdarwis) and the role of the local government, as well as budgetary assistance. Meanwhile, promotional activities in Cibuluh Tourism Village include several hardware and software-based promotional tools, including laptops, mobile phones, drones, and GPS. There's also a website, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube.

ASSESSING VALUATION MODEL FORECASTING ACCURACY IN HEALTHCARE: A SIMULATED COMPARISON OF CAPM AND DDM

2025-07-16T01:36:42+00:00

This study addresses the challenges of valuing firms in the volatile healthcare sector by rigorously comparing the fore- casting accuracy of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Dividend Discount Model (DDM). Employing a controlled synthetic dataset of 100 healthcare firms spanning 2019–2021, we aim to isolate model performance, free from real-world confounding factors. Forecast accuracy is measured using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Percent- age Absolute Error (PAE). Results indicate CAPM significantly outperforms DDM (e.g., CAPM’s average PAE of 3.47% vs. DDM’s 8.48%), particularly due to healthcare’s variable dividend policies. This research provides empirical evidence from a controlled setting on model suitability, guiding financial practitioners toward more reliable valuation techniques and contributing to the literature on model selection in sector-specific financial contexts.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY, AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA

2025-08-16T10:27:25+00:00

The aim of this research is to examine the connection between corporate governance, the dependability of financial statements, and the functioning of non-financial corporations listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the years 2019 to 2021. This research draws on the findings of Khatib & Nour (2021), which indicated that an increase in board size significantly improves firm performance. Moreover, it cites the research conducted by Sohail & Aziz (2019), demonstrating that quality of financial reporting affects corporate performance. Utilizing the ASEAN CG Scorecard as a benchmark for corporate governance sets this research apart from earlier studies, as do the selected sample and the time frame of the research. This research contributes to the current literature on corporate governance criteria by employing the ASEAN CG Scorecard. Instead of concentrating on a limited range of indicators, this approach aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of corporate governance practices. Furthermore, since it is based on OECD standards, the ASEAN CG Scorecard is expected to enhance investor trust in publicly traded firms. The goals of this research are to assess whether effective governance influences corporate performance and to evaluate if the quality of financial reporting impacts overall corporate success.

TOWARD A NEW PARADIGM OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A COMPARATIVE THEORETICAL STUDY

2025-08-10T07:37:13+00:00

This paper aims to develop a novel theoretical framework for organizational structures in the era of artificial intelligence (AI). It conducts a comparative analysis of traditional, modern, and postmodern organizational structures to identify limitations in accommodating AI’s autonomous capabilities. Through extensive literature review and critical analysis, the study synthesizes organizational theories with emerging AI research to propose a new paradigm integrating AI as an active participant in organizational dynamics. The findings reveal a significant theoretical gap in existing models, which predominantly treat AI as a tool rather than an autonomous agent. The proposed AI-driven paradigm emphasizes distributed intelligence, adaptive structural fluidity, human-AI symbiosis, and transparent accountability. The conceptual nature of the study calls for empirical validation across different industries and cultures. The paradigm provides a framework for managers and practitioners to redesign organizational architectures, fostering agility and ethical governance in AI-augmented environments. This research fills a critical gap in organizational theory by positioning AI as a core actor influencing structure and decision-making, offering a comprehensive model for organizations navigating the complexity of the digital age.

PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING CYCLE: PROCUREMENT OF GOODS/SERVICES IN THE GOODS/SERVICES PROCUREMENT WORK UNIT GARUT REGENCY

2025-08-10T07:52:37+00:00

The goods/services procurement style is one of the public sector accounting cycles that requires transparency and accountability for more effective budget absorption. This procurement mechanism in the Garut Regional Government need to comply with Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2021 concerning Government Goods and Services Procurement. Therefore, this research aims to analyze procurement cycle, optimal implementation, inhibiting factors, and auction failures of procurement of goods/services in Garut Regency. Data were collected from all employees of the Garut Regency Goods/Services Procurement Work Unit through observation, interviews and supporting documents. The results showed that implementation of goods/services procurement in 2023 at the UKPBJ (Goods/Services Procurement Work Unit) Garut Regency described the right procurement cycle in accordance with Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2021. Procurement process is optimal and more efficient in terms of budget ceiling and estimated price. In conclusion, the inhibiting factors namely the ignorance of procurement actors, and inadequate functional resources led to the failure of six auction packages and inappropriate work quality.

FACTORS INFLUENCING GOING-CONCERN AUDIT OPINIONS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES: EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIAN LISTED FINANCIAL FIRMS

2025-08-10T07:59:34+00:00

This study aims to examine the antecedents of going concern audit opinions and their consequences for auditor switching among financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2019–2023. The independent variables include financial distress, audit committee effectiveness, and audit report lag. The dependent variable is the going concern audit opinion, and the consequence variable is auditor switching. A quantitative method was applied using logistic regression on a sample of 88 companies. Results indicate that financial distress and audit report lag significantly influence going concern opinions, whereas audit committee effectiveness has no significant impact. Furthermore, going concern opinions do not significantly affect auditor switching. These findings emphasize the importance of financial health and timely financial reporting in audit assessments and investor confidence.

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE INDONESIAN CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY

2025-08-10T07:56:21+00:00

This study aims to analyze and empirically prove the influence of the Management Accounting System on Company Performance moderated by Competitive Advantage in Companies in the Consumer Goods Industry Sub-Sector Registered in BEI the 2016- 2018 period. The method used in this study is a quantitative method. The data used are sourced from primary and secondary data. The population in this study is all companies in the consumer goods industry sub-sector registered in BEI2016-2018. The sampling technique in this study uses the purposive sampling method is a sampling technique used based on the researcher's considerations when selecting samples. Data analysis and processing were carried out using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The results of the research test indicate that: 1) The Management Accounting System (SAM) does not have a significant influence on Company Performance, 2) Competitive Advantage is able to moderate the influence SAMon Company Performance. Management needs to pay attention to SAM Although it does not affect company performance, at the 10% level, MAS shows an influence on company performance, meaning that improvements in the management accounting system are needed to improve company performance. Companies can use the information in MAS to observe their environment and determine any changes in the industry and their competitors' strategies, the greater the competitive advantage is able to strengthen the influence of MAS on company performance.

SUSTAINING TRADITIONAL MARKETS IN THE DIGITAL ERA: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN MODERATING MARKETPLACE AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IMPACTS IN RURAL INDONESIA

2025-09-17T02:32:16+00:00

The rapid growth of the marketplace driven by digital technology has increased consumer appeal, but is inversely proportional to the decline in the turnover of non-food traditional market traders, especially in the Panimbang Market. This study aims to analyze the influence of marketplace and consumer behavior on the sustainability of traditional markets by considering the role of technological sophistication as a moderation variable in Panimbang Market, Banten. The main problem in this study lies in the existence of research gaps. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach by collecting data through questionnaires that are distributed directly in physical form. The sampling technique used was non-probability sampling with the quota sampling method, where the research population included all traders of the Panimbang Market, and the sample number was set as 135 respondents. Data analysis was carried out using SmartPLS4 software version 4.1.1.4. The results of the study show that the marketplace and consumer behavior have a positive and significant effect on the sustainability of traditional markets. However, technological sophistication does not significantly moderate the influence of the marketplace, while consumer behavior has a significant negative effect, which indicates that the limitations of merchant digital literacy weaken the positive impact of consumer behavior on the sustainability of traditional markets.

THE INFLUENCE OF GREEN STRATEGY AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS ON CARBON EMISSION DISCLOSURE WITH OWNERSHIP CONCENTRATION AS A MODERATION VARIABLE

2025-08-10T07:42:22+00:00

This study investigates the effect of Green Strategy and International Operation on Carbon Emission Disclosure (CED), with a specific focus on the moderating role of Ownership Concentration. Using a quantitative associative approach and panel regression analysis, data were collected from 72 financial sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) over the period 2020–2023, resulting in 288 firm-year observations. The study employs a panel data regression model and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) to test the proposed hypotheses. The results reveal that both Green Strategy and International Operation have a significant positive effect on Carbon Emission Disclosure, confirming that environmentally oriented strategies and international business exposure lead to greater transparency in emission reporting. Moreover, Ownership Concentration does not moderate the relationship between Green Strategy and Carbon Emission Disclosure. However, it positively moderates the relationship between International Operation and Carbon Emission Disclosure, suggesting that highly concentrated ownership enhances the strategic influence of international exposure on environmental reporting. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on corporate environmental disclosure by providing empirical evidence from an emerging market context. The findings support the Stakeholder Theory and Legitimacy Theory, indicating that both internal corporate strategies and external operational contexts play vital roles in shaping environmental transparency.

PRICING PRACTICES BY TRADITIONAL TRADERS IN SUDIMAMPIR MARKET

2025-07-28T00:50:13+00:00

This study aims to examine the pricing strategies used by traders in Sudimampir Market, Banjarmasin, in response to the dynamics of traditional market competition. A qualitative descriptive approach was applied, with data collected through interviews with 40 traders selling various products such as clothing, fabric, prayer equipment, household goods, shoes, and bags. Primary data were obtained from interviews, while secondary data came from literature and relevant documents. The findings reveal that most traders set prices based on prevailing market rates or competitors’ prices to remain competitive. Around 70% of traders stated that their pricing aligns with the market price, and 97% believed that their selling prices reflect product quality. Regarding price flexibility, 41% of traders do not apply fixed pricing, 35% use set prices, and the rest adjust depending on the situation. These results indicate that pricing decisions are not solely profit-driven but also reflect adaptive strategies in response to market conditions and consumer perceptions.

LEVERAGE, INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP, AND FIRM SIZE ON TAX AVOIDANCE: PROFITABILITY AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE

2025-09-06T07:58:28+00:00

This study aims to examine the effect of leverage, institutional ownership, and company size on tax avoidance with profitability as an intervening variable in energy sector manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2019-2023. The population of this study includes all manufacturing companies in the energy sector, with a sample of 70 companies selected using purposive sampling techniques. This research method uses a quantitative approach with panel data regression analysis based on Eviews 12 Student Version software. The F test shows that leverage, institutional ownership, company size, and profitability simultaneously have a significant effect on tax avoidance, with an F-count value of 1.862133 and a probability value of 0.044307 (p <0.05). T-test shows that leverage (t-count = 0.132247; p = 0.2688), institutional ownership (t-count = -0.639379; p = 0.5254), and firm size (t-count = 1.362275; p = 0.1790) do not have a significant effect on tax avoidance. In contrast, profitability (t-count = -3.083855; p = 0.0033) has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance. Testing with the Sobel test shows that profitability cannot mediate the effect of leverage and institutional ownership on tax avoidance. However, profitability can mediate the negative effect of firm size on tax avoidance. This finding supports the Agency Theory, which states that profitability can influence management decision making in managing tax burdens.

THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE AND SYSTEMATIC RISK ON EARNINGS RESPONSE COEFFICIENT WITH GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AS A MODERATION VARIABLE

2025-09-19T09:34:38+00:00

This study examines the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Disclosure and Systematic Risk on the Earnings Response Coefficient (ERC), with Good Corporate Governance (GCG) as a moderating variable. Using panel data regression with the Random Effect Model (REM), the study analyzed 125 firm-year observations from energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2019 and 2023. The findings reveal that CSR Disclosure has a significant positive effect on ERC, supporting the signaling theory that CSR acts as a credible indicator of firm quality and long-term sustainability. In contrast, Systematic Risk does not significantly influence ERC, suggesting that market-wide risk factors are not primary determinants of investor responsiveness to earnings announcements in the energy sector. Furthermore, GCG significantly moderates the relationship between CSR Disclosure and ERC, reinforcing the credibility of CSR disclosures and enhancing investor confidence. However, GCG does not moderate the relationship between Systematic Risk and ERC, indicating that corporate governance may not effectively mitigate the impact of external market uncertainties on earnings reactions. This study contributes to the existing literature by offering empirical insights from an emerging market context and highlighting the importance of governance and sustainability disclosures in enhancing the informativeness of earnings. The results provide valuable implications for regulators, investors, and corporate decision-makers, especially in socially sensitive and high-risk industries such as energy.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GREEN INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL, LEVERAGE RATIO AND PROFIT QUALITY ON COMPANY VALUE WITH COMPANY SIZE AS A MODERATOR

2025-09-17T04:11:32+00:00

This study aims to analyze the effects of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC), leverage ratio (Debt to Asset Ratio - DAR), and earnings quality on the firm value of palm oil plantation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Furthermore, it investigates the moderating role of firm size in these relationships. The research employs a quantitative approach using panel data from publicly listed palm oil companies on the IDX from 2017 to 2024. Data were analyzed using panel data regression analysis with the EViews application to test the direct effects and moderating effects. The results indicate that: (1) GIC has a positive and significant effect on firm value; (2) Leverage ratio (DAR) has a negative and significant effect on firm value; (3) Earnings quality has no significant effect on firm value; (4) Firm size does not directly affect firm value but acts as a significant moderator; (5) Firm size weakens the positive effect of GIC on firm value; (6) Firm size strengthens the negative effect of leverage ratio on firm value, turning it less negative or positive in context; and (7) Firm size does not moderate the relationship between earnings quality and firm value. This study provides novel insights into the dual and contrasting moderating role of firm size in an emerging market context, specifically showing how it dampens the value of sustainability disclosures (GIC) while amplifying the acceptability of financial leverage. Managers should strategically disclose GIC to enhance valuation and adopt prudent leverage policies. For larger firms, it is crucial to communicate their sustainability efforts more effectively to maintain their premium, as investors' higher expectations can diminish the marginal value of these disclosures.

STAKEHOLDER PRESSURE MODERATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREEN INVESTMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TO CARBON EMISSIONS DISCLOSURE

2025-09-17T02:40:28+00:00

This study aims to examine the moderating effect of stakeholder pressure on the relationship between green investment and environmental management systems on carbon emission disclosure. The research focuses on companies listed in the KOMPAS100 index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2021–2023 period. A quantitative associative approach was employed, with sample selection conducted through purposive sampling and data analyzed using panel data regression models. The findings indicate that green investment does not significantly influence carbon emission disclosure, whereas the implementation of environmental management systems positively affects disclosure practices. Moreover, stakeholder pressure does not moderate the relationship between green investment and carbon emission disclosure. Interestingly, it weakens the positive relationship between environmental management systems and carbon emission disclosure. These results suggest the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and internal mechanisms to encourage transparent and consistent environmental reporting. Enhancing carbon disclosure is a crucial step in supporting Indonesia’s commitment to achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2060.

COMPANY SIZE MODERATING DETERMINANT TAX MANAGEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY SECTOR COMPANIES INDONESIA

2025-09-06T08:00:51+00:00

This study aims to determine if fixed asset intensity has an effect on leverage, profitability, and tax management in technology companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021–2023, using the operational size of a corporate entity as a moderating component in the analysis. The study's quantitative approach is predicated on an examination of the yearly financial reports of technology firms that were listed between 2021 and 2023 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). There were 44 companies in the population, and through the use of purposive sampling techniques, 13 companies were selected from a total of 44 companies for a detailed investigation for three consecutive years, from 2021 to 2023. Utilizing the statistical program EViews 12, the company's data was analyzed. According to the study's findings, there was no statistically significant correlation found between the leverage ratio and the profitability of the business in tax management, the intensity of fixed assets had a very significant impact. The size of the company cannot control the leverage and profitability in tax management; however, the company's size might regulate how much emphasis is placed on assets in tax management.